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(c) Why is fluorine an exception to the pattern of oxidation states found for the other group members?

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The most electronegative element on the periodic table is fluorine. It always displays the oxidation states of 1 and 1, whereas other halogens display the oxidation states of 1, +1, +3, +5, and 7. They exhibit a high oxidation state when the d-orbital is unoccupied. However, fluorine does not exhibit a high oxidation state because it lacks a vacant d-orbital.

The chemical element fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and the symbol F. The lightest halogen, it is an extremely poisonous, pale yellow diatomic gas under normal conditions. It is exceedingly reactive and, as the most electronegative element, reacts with all other elements with the exception of argon, neon, and helium.

Since fluorine is the most electronegative element, its oxidation state always displays one. It starts out with seven valence electrons and adds one more to form an octet. Fluorine now has an oxidation state of 1. They exhibit a high oxidation state when the d-orbital is unoccupied. However, fluorine does not exhibit a high oxidation state because it lacks a vacant d-orbital.

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