All of the following are characteristics of Weberian bureaucracy except:
a. administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing.
b. management is the same as the ownership of the organization.
c. positions are organized in a hierarchy of authority, with each position under the authority of a higher one.
d. labor is divided with clear definitions of authority and responsibility that are legitimized as official duties.
e. all personnel are selected and promoted based on technical qualifications.